Context of Practice: 2021

• I researched into websites similar to issuu: (https://fliphtml5.com/learning-center/top-10-digital-publishing-websites-similar-to-issuu/) but ultimately I think screen capping the format I have already and placing into Google Slides will be the best solution

• This is a very effective solution, there only thing is there isn't the flip page effect. For a free workaround, I won't complain! There are effects and motions available in google slides but they are not professional and not required.

• I was able to re-embed my Youtube video of the audio poem, Girl Who Cannot See, thanks to Google Slides having the functionality to do so.

• I am very pleased with the visual outcome of my dissertation; utilising professional tools such as Adobe Acrobat to create a beautiful PDF (combining the audio, written and visual), using issuu to display the PDF side-by-side in the online sphere, and Google Slides to host it for free.

• This was probably an over-complicated way of doing things and I could have gone into Google Slides directly but the A4 PDF's allowed my to format within certain parameters like a document and publication and I have learned how to use Adobe Acrobat in the process as a transferrable skillset for the future.

[LAUIL601] Feedback on Visual Essay

I received one suggestion to improve my Visual Essay, which is to move the video of my audio poem onto its own page. I agree with this critique as it was a big part of the project as a whole and would make a bigger impact on its own page. The poem itself is on its own page, too, so would marry that.

Working to critique and feedback is incredibly important to me in this module, and all modules, and will carry forward into my professional career.

Tuesday, 6 July 2021

[LAUIL601] Reflective Report 3 - Final [755 words]

Overall, I am so incredibly pleased with how this project has taken shape, progressed and concluded - especially in lieu of my personal circumstances these past few years, this year especially, and in comparison to the 501 module last year where I wasn't happy with the work I'd made, the barriers I'd faced in accessing texts and submission issues, which resulted in long-lasting anxieties around submission and self-doubt around my writing skills.

That huge pressure carried forward to this year to try and improve on the mistakes of last year, especially in terms of writing an essay, and it got to the point where I found it incredibly hard to write at all. I doubted everything I did. What could I possibly say that would match up to my sighted peers who submitted in good time and had so many organised blog posts? Coupled with my personal heartache of not having my Guide Dog for so long, and my mum struggling with isolation as a severe stroke survivor - turning to unhealthy coping mechanisms to get through the pandemic, I had given into severe depression and had a mental breakdown. I was no longer functioning properly and wanted to give up. Not just as a student. It is SO incredibly hard to pull yourself out of that negative abd dark mindset and start engaging with research, writing and designing a visual essay as well as two other modules running congruently.

The word I would use is proud. It feels wrong to use in some senses, as everyone else did this work a long time ago, without so much stress, but I suppose I do. I feel very proud of myself. No matter what happens grade-wise, I have turned things around academically and personally.

Unfortunately I also feel I huge sense of shame at how much extra time I have needed in order to get things started again, in order to start going to campus to motivate myself while things have been incredibly noisy at my accommodation. I cannot help the invasive thoughts that I am being judged for taking so long to pull myself together, however. I wish things wouldn't have gone the way they did and if I could turn back time to have a perfect, linear timeline of a life and project where time management ran perfectly alongside personal life, I would absolutely and ultimately reverse the clock.

The most valuable aspects of this module were discovering powerful case studies and learning of others' lived experiences of art as a therapy tool to work through personal issues to reach fulfilment, just like myself, as well as talking with a professional art therapist working in the field. Sowing the seeds of communication and building networks have been invaluable and knowing that I'm not alone in using art as my therapy has been very empowering. Learning the science behind how the brain works in response to trauma and why I struggle to plan, memorise and engage has been a huge eye-opener too. I always felt like there was a disconnect after the things I'd been through but attributed it to being my fault and having feelings of worthlessness.

Research came after the practical, so it didn't help to inform my outcomes but helped it make sense because of the fact. What I had done in my times of desperation when I was considering suicide started to have deeper level meaning. The mark makings, the materials I had chosen, my thoughts patterns I was expressing - all had intent behind them that I was unpicking on a psychological level, much like an art therapist, but I didn't realise that's what I was doing and that's what I needed during my crucial moments of needing relief through creativity. Only in hindsight and through research could I uncover this. I could learn of the safe space to experiment, face my trauma of cyberbullying, the anniversary of my mum's stroke, the days leading up to my retinal detachment, and express them without judgement or pressure through a range of mediums.

In 603, I would like to continue with the textural, abstract expressionist portfolio I have developed, especially with the developmental pieces around my retinal detachment back in 2018. There is a lot to explore further and there is a potential of a narrative retelling the events in a personal and meaningful way. What is retinal detachment? What is blindness? What barriers do I face? What does my vision look like? I would like to explore this through a range of canvas paintings.

Tuesday, 29 June 2021

[LAUIL601] Art Therapy and Trauma Dissertation

Monday, 28 June 2021

[LAUIL601] Feedback on Fourth Draft

Reflection:

• My original first draft was far over the word count by at least 1,300. I've worked incredibly hard to paraphrase and be concise.

• Feedback is a lot more positive on this draft and I will keep working towards implementing the suggestions to create stronger writing.

• Only a few things to amend and expand on: removing a header, expanding on two points!

• I've really wanted to involve Amy and work with tutor feedback to make my written work as academically sound as possible for submission and to instil confidence in what I'm doing. I've worked incredibly hard at researching and creating a strong portfolio of outcomes. I'm not just doing this to submit anything and pass. Last year was incredibly difficult for me and flagged up a lot of issues with access which then impeded my confidence. This year continued some of those concerns but many things are out of my control. What is in my control is my motivation and my determination to keep chipping away at working to create something to be proud of. I want to be proud of this year as I was of my first year of university and I am proud. That is the end goal!

Wednesday, 23 June 2021

[LAUIL601] Evidencing To-Do Lists

[LAUIL601] Tutor Feedback to First Draft

Feedback from Amy and Katie:

• Referencing/citing things clearer

• Shifting some sections around: Aims at the start of the introduction, art therapy definition after the introduction

• Full name and expertise of the person I'm citing

• Linking the art therapy framework to my own practical work (need to develop this further)

• Removing the art therapy misconceptions section as it's redundant, perhaps using a line or two?

• Removing paragraph titles may help with the flow of my discussion

• Developing some paragraphs further

My own observations:

• I need to be wary of my wordcount as what I submitted was far over what it should be. I submitted something along the lines of 6,800 when the maximum can be 5,500 - I just really wanted some feedback on what I was doing. I need to pair back quotes and what I want to say.

• I go between quotes and speech marks and need to be consistent in one or the other

• I capitalise Art Therapy in some cases and other times do not. I need to be consistent.

Onto draft two...

Tuesday, 22 June 2021

[LAUIL601] Visual Essay - Considerations and Design Problems

• I have a YouTube video so how would I get around implementing images, text and a video?

• I'm not the most technologically sound and I'm getting on in age; I don't know what the latest sites and things are anymore

• After contacting Amy, Google slides will house all 3 elements and be acceptable to submit as a visual essay but part of me feels like it's not worthy enough of the time I've spent writing a dissertation?

• Would creating a PDF in Adobe Acrobat allow for multimedia? (after looking into this, yes it does allow video)

• I need to do some more research into what issuu can do. I had an account from 2016-17 in my first year of the illustration course but I often get emails to pay for premium. I remember trying to access it in my second year and they wanted me to pay for it as I'd been a member for a year at this point. I have now looked into issue again as I was going to create a PDF and then post to issue. You can create an issue by all means but you CANNOT embed a code onto your blog for free without payment. Fees are £14 a month!

Options:

• Google Slides

• PDF in Adobe Acrobat

• Issuu

• Combining images and text in Word

Considerations

• Accessibility for my screenreader. I cannot create something that is not going to be inaccessible and that I will struggle with but I also want to honour the time, effort and care that has gone into this project for the past few months. I have not taken this dissertation lightly and have faced my fears. I want to house it into something worthy.

• Multimedia of images, text and video. My outcomes includes a video, images and poetry.

• Adding multimedia to PDFs: https://helpx.adobe.com/acrobat/using/adding-multimedia-pdfs.html?mv=product&mv2=acrobat#

I may need to screen capture my Youtube video to post into the PDF.

• How to download YouTube Videos onto a Mac: https://www.wikihow.com/Download-YouTube-Videos-on-a-Mac

Thursday, 17 June 2021

[LAUIL601] Bibliography

• American Art Therapy Association. (n.d.) Available at: https://arttherapy.org/ [Accessed: 9 April 2021].

• Art Therapy Blog. (n.d.) What is Art Therapy? Available at: http://www.arttherapyblog.com/what-is-art-therapy/ [Accessed: 10 March 2021].

• Art Therapy Decoded (2019) 1.1 We Have to Create, It's Part of Our Biology with Dr. Amy Backos. [Podcast] 25 November. Available at: https://open.spotify.com/episode/08jK6es4Eb6JZFN7l0hglg?si=Jf29aiOISVSTs3P__r-lpg [Accessed:7 April 2021].

• Art Therapy Resources. (n.d.) What Happens in An Art Therapy Session? Available at: https://arttherapyresources.com.au/happens-art-therapy-session/ [Accessed 1 Jun 2021].

• Backos, A (2021). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Art Therapy. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

• Backos, A. (2021). Instagram Messages, 11 June.

• Basquez-Simpson, D. (2021). Facebook Messenger, 15 March.

• Boyd, B et al. (2020) #InsideTheStudio with Brandon Boyd [Instagram] 12 November. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/tv/CHgEzo6h6j3 [Accessed: 12 November 2020].

• British Association of Art Therapists. (2021) About Art Therapy. Available at: https://www.baat.org/About-Art-Therapy [Accessed: 9 April 2021].

• Brown, P. M. & Cross, G. (2019) 'A Comparison of the Positive Effects of Structured and Nonstructured Art Activities'. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association. Volume 36, 2019 - Issue 1. pp. 22-29. doi: 10.1080/07421656.2019.1564642 [Accessed: 19 May 2021]

• Ceaușu, F. (2018). ‘The Healing Power of Art Therapy’ Review of Artistic Education, Mar 2018, Vol. 16 Issue 1, p203-211

• Cherry, K. (2021). What Is Art Therapy? Available at: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-art-therapy-2795755 [Accessed 14: May 2021].

• Christie, E. (2021). Instagram Messages, 27 March.

• Cohen, A. (2019). Is Creativity in Your DNA? Available at: https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-creativity-dna [Accessed: 04 May 2021].

• Cohen-Yatziv, L. & Regev, D. (2018). ‘Effectiveness of Art Therapy With Adult Clients in 2018-What Progress Has Been Made? Frontiers in Psychology 9, 1531. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01531. [Accessed 5 Jun 2021]

• Consume Comms. (2020). Creative Conversations - What If We Just Made Art for Us? [Facebook] 6 October. Available at: https://fb.watch/5N10xpmHBz/ [Accessed: 6th Oct 2020].

• Fraggle, R. (2021). Instagram Messages, 2 May.

• Fusco, K. (2019). Episode 3 - Let's Discuss Art Therapy. [Podcast]. 23 September. Available at: https://open.spotify.com/episode/2xfyE693KluZHEqBEmOFfu?si=mRqBEwSnRD2pTMTlegcsww [Accessed: 10 April 2021].

• Good Therapy. (2016) Art Therapy. Available At: https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/types/art-therapy [Accessed 04 May 2021]

• Hammal, C. (2015). Art Therapy - A World Beyond Creative Expression | Carol Hammal | TEDxGUC. [YouTube Video]. 2 February. https://youtu.be/Ee9iRmGFyvA [Accessed: 5 May 2021].

• Harjatanaya, C. (2020). An Insight into Art Therapy | Cindy Harjatanaya | TEDxYouth@SWA. [YouTube Video]. 18 August. https://youtu.be/etanmN_9wU8 [Accessed: 11 May 2021].

• Hull, M. (2021). PTSD Facts and Statistics. Available at: https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/ptsd/related/ptsd-statistics/ [Accessed: 8 Jun 2021].

• Kruk, K. A. et al. (2014) ‘Comparison of Brain Activity During Drawing and Clay Sculpting: A Preliminary qEEG Study’, Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 31(2), pp. 52–60. doi: 10.1080/07421656.2014.903826.

• Lawton, A. (2016). Art as Empowerment: The Virtue of Art Therapy | Ann Lawton | TEDxUWRiverFalls. [YouTube Video] 14 March. Available at: https://youtu.be/bPszGBfjuOY [Accessed: 4 May 2021].

• Lederman, L. (2019). Can I Do Art Therapy Myself? Available at: https://thearttherapyproject.org/blog/2019/12/4/can-i-do-art-therapy-myself [Accessed 11 Jun 2021].

• Leonard, R. (2021). ‘Wellness Versus Art’ Art Monthly Australasia, Autumn 2021, Issue 327, p74-9

• Macpherson, G. et al (2017). Episode 261: Art Therapy & Trauma- Focused Treatment. Emma Cameron. [Podcast] 11 December. Available at: https://open.spotify.com/episode/2MjpOYWuuwld5addWL534h?si=9LMFoDLGSJyFsQ6dbqfr8g [Accessed: 12 April 2021].

• Malchiodi, C. (2020). Expressive Arts Therapy and Trauma: Movement, Sound, Image, Performance with Cathy Malchiodi, PhD. [YouTube Video]. 23 September. https://youtu.be/SutB72QBvZs [Accessed: 11 May 2021].

• Manson, S. (2021) Garbage’s Shirley Manson: “Being human is to be messy. If you think you’re above all that you’re in deep, deep trouble” Available at: https://www.kerrang.com/features/garbages-shirley-manson-being-human-is-to-be-messy-if-you-think-youre-above-all-that-youre-in-deep-deep-trouble/ [Accessed: 20 Jun 2021].

• Mind. Arts and Creative Therapies. (n.d.) Available at: https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/drugs-and-treatments/arts-and-creative-therapies/about-arts-and-creative-therapies/ [Accessed: 3 March 2021].

• Mind (2020). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Available at: https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/statistics-and-facts-about-mental-health/how-common-are-mental-health-problems/ [Accessed: 6 Jun 2021].

• Morgan, C. (2020). Hello from Illustration Student at Leeds Arts University and Questions for Dissertation. 12 Nov. [Email]

• Muller, R. (2000). When a Patient Has No Story to Tell: Alexithymia. Available at: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/when-patient-has-no-story-tell-alexithymia [Accessed: 10 April 2021].

• Rodriguez, G.S. (n.d) ‘Alexithymia: When You Have No Words to Describe How You’re Feeling’. Available at: https://thepsychologygroup.com/alexithymia/ [Accessed: 10 April 2021].

• Ross, D. (2017). How Trauma Affects the Brain: Doctors’ Notes. Available at: https://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/analysis/2017/12/04/how-trauma-affects-the-brain-doctors-notes.html [Accessed: 29 April 2021].

• Sandmire, D. et al. (2012). ‘The Influence of Art Making on Anxiety: A Pilot Study’, Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 29(2), pp. 68–73. doi: 10.1080/07421656.2012.683748.

• Shannon, K. (2020). #64 - Attachment, Relational Trauma, and Creative Arts Therapies with Kate Shannon, LPC, LCAT, MT-BC. [Podcast], 3 December. Available at: https://open.spotify.com/episode/0RYiCaNZnWNIVFjASqHHsU?si=liPIF2tuQZK7KYPcHUPfsw [Accessed: 25 April 2021].

• Spooner, H. (2016). ‘Embracing a Full Spectrum Definition of Art Therapy’ Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 2016, Vol. 33 Issue 3, p163-166

• Taylor, James et al. (2020). CL248: Mindfulness and The Creative Process - Interview with Ora Nadrich [Podcast]. 18 February. Available at: https://open.spotify.com/episode/11cZeNfX4tKegN4FZDHXc5?si=yppYOdLTSFSkTxfkpOzGTg [Accessed: 22 April 2021].

• Taylor, James et al. (2020). CL254: Mindfulness for Creativity and Writers Block - Interview with Diane Gehart [Podcast]. 31 March. Available at: https://open.spotify.com/episode/11ENYMMFvppOoGGm6C1Blh?si=B96bMoFYQHarGQTPTkp8Lg [Accessed: 19 April 2021].

• Taylor, James et al. (2021) Marcus du Sautoy – the Creativity Code: Art and Innovation in the Age of Artificial intelligence. [Podcast] 7 April. Available at: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6Xw2oQyBRNgt4fbAZ4mNZZ?si=48xrEqNZQ-6S9fsHfxHcoA [Accessed: 20 May 2021].

• The American Art Therapy Association. (2017) ‘Art Therapy in Action: Trauma’. Available at: https://youtu.be/lOQmxkb6Dmo [Accessed: 10 April 2021].

• Torres, F. (2020) What is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder? Available at: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd [Accessed: 7 Jun].

• Utley, L. et al. (2015). ‘Systematic review and economic modelling of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of art therapy among people with non-psychotic mental health disorders’ NIHR Journals, Chapter 2. Library. DOI 10.3310/hta19180

• Viado, L et al (2018). 92: Reconnecting with Our Creativity. [Podcast], 4th October. https://open.spotify.com/episode/5U1Zd7fxAT1CyoH9ngAtYG?si=7qYjJCu8S3SrBRCW2iKeQg [Accessed: 2 May 2021].

• Wigham, S. et al. (2020) ‘Using Arts-Based Therapies to Improve Mental Health for Children and Young People with Physical Health Long-Term Conditions: A Systematic Review of Effectiveness’ Front Psychol, eCollection, 2020. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01771.

Sunday, 13 June 2021

[LAUIL601] In Conversation with Professional Art Therapist: Dr. Diana Basquez-Simpson - Pt 2

I reached out to Art Therapist Dr. Diana Basquez-Simpson to ask her thoughts on whether it is possible to self-direct out own art therapy journey as that is one question I wanted to unpick in my research as my project has developed. Her is our conversation:

Kimberley: Hi Diana, I hope you don't mind me contacting you again! I just wanted to ask a question and for your opinion on it. Do you think it's possible for someone, specifically an artist, to undertake a healing journey without having an art therapist present, but perhaps while having talk therapy? For example, I have verbal therapy and talk about some of my traumas (which is really difficult to do at times and I sometimes keep myself closed off about things) and then in my own time and my own studio unpick some of the things I've lived through and kept secret by using art materials to explore that. In a way I become my own art therapist but without the qualification, while retaining what a therapist has said to me and while making connections. Is this valid? Is it phony? Does it undermine what a trained art therapist does? Thank you for your feedback! It's just something that came to me while I'm completing my dissertation and while my painting practice changed this past year. I really appreciate everything you shared with me and how you helped shape my writing. It's almost done and I can't wait to submit it!

Diana: Hey Kimberley! So glad you reached out. Please feel free to do so any time at all.

I think what you’re describing is completely valid. For artists, I believe the art itself and the process of creating are a language. This can be true for anyone. It can be very difficult to put feelings and traumatic experiences into words. Art is a great way to express inner material and it can even help us find answers we didn’t know we were seeking. It sounds like you use art to process material arising in your talk therapy sessions. I think that’s perfect. To me, this sort of process transcends definition. If it helps someone I’m all for it!

The only time I get ‘salty’ about it is when people call themselves Art Therapists or proclaim they offer art therapy for profit when they lack the proper training. You’re using this process to help make sense of and process material for personal benefit, which I think is absolutely fine.

In addition to that, you’ve done your homework and have educated yourself about Art Therapy. It says much about your respect for the profession you asked the question. Others may feel differently about the subject…this is just my 2 cents!

Congratulations on the nearing completion of your dissertation!! That’s really exciting Kimberley

Kimberley: Thank you so very much for everything! This has been so very helpful!

Friday, 11 June 2021

[LAUIL601] In Conversation with Professional Art Therapist Dr. Amy Backos

One of the questions that has arised during this project is whether we can self-guide and self-direct our own healing and become our own art therapist. No one knows our own trauma like we do. I thought I would reach out to the son whose book has been the foundation of this project for her insight and guidance. Here is our conversation:

Kimberley: Hi Dr Amy! I hope you don't mind me messaging you with a few questions for my dissertation on art therapy. I'm starting to feel overwhelmed with my research and could really use some guidance.

• Why do you think art therapy works so well and so successfully, especially in relation to trauma?

• How many art therapy sessions does a client tend to have?

• What misconceptions do you find people have about art therapy?

• Do you think it's possible for someone to feel the benefits of art therapy without seeing a qualified art therapist? For example, if they are doing talk therapy sessions but making art in their own time to address their concerns about their traumatic experiences? I do talk therapy sessions and often discuss what it was like to bear witness to my mum's severe stroke while we were in a shopping mall. I would then do the 'art as therapy' in my studio afterwards to face what happened and start to make sense of it. Is this still valid without an art therapist present?

Amy: Hello! Tell me about your dissertation! What program are you in? Amy

Kimberley: Hi Amy! Thank you so much for getting back to me!

I'm at Leeds Arts University and I'm in the final year of the illustration program. I'm purely an artist and have no psychotherapy or counselling skills, though I've had counselling for a number of years and the area interests me greatly. I have self-directed my own healing this year through one of the modules and Art Therapy is perhaps something I would like to move onto for my MA. I'm deciding between that or Fine Art and developing my practice further, but with a healing lens.

While I'm still in an art institution my dissertation and practice are mostly art-focused for now., My dissertation is called "Art Therapy and Trauma: How Can Art Therapy Be Used to Help Support Trauma and PTSD?" and I'm trying to unpick a few things:

• What creativity is and why it's good for us from a scientific standpoint

• What trauma is by definition and what happens to our brains afterwards

• What art therapy is, what an art therapy session entails and what an art therapist does

• Art as therapy and whether we can achieve the same benefits of art therapy alone in our practice or if we need to have the guidance of an art therapist

The main question I'd like to try and answer is whether we need to have an art therapist with us, or can it be a personal journey that we undertake ourselves?

Amy: So cool! I believe we know art to be healing and people find so much relief in externalizing their inner feelings. An art therapist can facilitate that process for transformation of trauma, moving away from feeling stuck and stop avoidance. I find the art I made growing up and all my life to be healing. A lot of what you are wondering I address in my book, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder & Art Therapy. I think you would also find helpful info in Art as a Way if Knowing by Pat Allen for art without a therapist. Art and Fear is another good book for creativity and how it happens (forgot the author). I hope that helps for resources! Good luck with your project!! Keep me posted! One more-trauma definition can be found in the context of the disorders accrue stress disorder and PTSD. However, traumas can be little or big and are disruptions to development and relationship.

Kimberley: Thank you ever so much, I'm very grateful for your help!

Saturday, 5 June 2021

[LAUIL601] Secondary Research: Academic Journal - Effectiveness of Art Therapy With Adult Clients in 2018 - What Progress Has Been Made?

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6124538/

Regev, D., & Cohen-Yatziv, L. (2018). Effectiveness of Art Therapy With Adult Clients in 2018-What Progress Has Been Made?. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1531. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01531

• In the year 2000, an important art therapy literature review addressed an essential question—does art therapy work? It discussed 17 articles dealing with the issue of the effectiveness of art therapy. Two decades later, this research field has extended its scope and is flourishing.

• The aim of this systematic literature review is to contribute to the ongoing discussion in the field by exploring the latest studies dealing with the effectiveness of art therapy with a broad scope of adult clients.

• It underscores the potential effects of art therapy on these seven clinical populations, and recommends the necessary expansions for future research in the field, to enable art therapy research to take further strides forward.

• In 1999, nearly two decades ago, the American Art Therapy Association (AATA) (1999) issued a mission statement that outlined the organization's commitment to research, defined the preferential topics for this research, and suggested future research directions in the field. One year later, Reynolds et al. (2000) published a review of studies that addressed the therapeutic effectiveness of art therapy. They included studies that differed in terms of research quality and standards.

• 'The accumulated results of the studies in this category suggest that further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of interventions in art therapy for clients dealing with mental health issues.'

• 'The fourth category included art therapy with clients coping with trauma (see Table Table4).4). In this category, two studies have been conducted since 2004, both with randomization (level 1). The first study (Pizarro, 2004) was composed of a sample of 45 students who participated in two art therapy sessions. These students had dealt with a traumatic event, which could occur at different levels of intensity and at various stages in their lives. In addition, the comparison was made between an art-therapy group and two comparison groups where one underwent writing therapy and the other experimented with artwork, regardless of the traumatic event. Despite the attempt to use a wide range of indices, including symptom reporting and emotional and health assessments, and perhaps because of the short duration of therapy, this study failed to find significant results.'

• The second study (Kopytin and Lebedev, 2013) examined a sample of 112 war veterans who participated in 12–14 art therapy sessions. In this study, in which the definition of the traumatic event was more specific and defined by involvement in war, an attempt was also made to measure the level of improvement through a wide range of research indices, including reports of symptoms, emotional state, and quality of life. For some of the indices, there was a significant improvement compared to the control group.

• These two articles thus present an inconsistent picture of the beneficial effects of this intervention, which may depend on the indices measured, the duration of therapy, and possibly the type of traumatic event.

Thursday, 3 June 2021

[LAUIL601] Developmental Work: Feedback on Retinal Detachment Pieces

• Putting work into a different context. The pieces I made were originally about retinal detachment, and using art as therapy to work through the trauma of what I've been through with flashing lights, total blackness and 4 emergency surgeries: and the level of low vision I have left now trying to make sense of the world through floaters and ocular migraines in the upper part of my left eye. The put into a new context, attached with a quote to portray the mood I was feeling that day, the feedback was interesting to gauge.

• Feedback was slow to start with as my audience was growing on the instagram platform. It gets better and more engaging through the slides

• I do realise that critique is informal, encouraging and positive and does not help to develop my practice in any way because of the audience not being made up of any illustration peers. At the same time, these were vulnerable, raw and authentic pieces made through my own self-directed "art as therapy" open studio sessions where I was working through extreme isolation in the pandemic, through the second lockdown November-December, without Tami for months while she had surgery.

• Three different ways of looking at the same piece of work through square viewfinders. What does the audience see through colour and marks and how it is framed through a square on Instagram?

• I experienced avoidance of crit sessions as a trauma and personal issues. avoidance is a huge part of going through trauma and I didn't know why I did this so much until I researched into the topic, especially Dr. Backos' book Art Therapy and PTSD. It was easier for me to upload into the online domain, in my own time, with strangers and friends rather than a class of peers I didn’t know very well and who don’t understand my visual disability.

• What could be better? What could be improved? I definitely fell into a state, and sense, of comfortability and complacency at using the same tools (charcoal and oil pastel in particular) to convey retinal detachment. It was only when I started to use acrylic paints on canvas and a "monoprinting at home" technique with a Gelli plate that my practice started to soft a little bit more. I could have and should have done this much sooner to challenge and inspire myself.

[LAUIL601] Secondary Research: Academic Journal - Using Arts-Based Therapies to Improve Mental Health. A Systematic Review of Effectiveness.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33101097/

Sarah Wigham et al. Front Psychol. 2020. Using Arts-Based Therapies to Improve Mental Health for Children and Young People With Physical Health Long-Term Conditions: A Systematic Review of Effectiveness. 2020 Sep 25;11:1771. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01771. eCollection 2020.

• Arts-based therapies involve using creative media to develop a therapeutic relationship, and offer a potential alternative to talking-based therapies.

• The aim of this systematic review is to establish the effectiveness of arts-based therapies for improving the mental health of children with physical health LTCs.

• Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria and demonstrated some improvements on indicators of mental health and well-being including quality of life, coping behaviors, anxiety, self-concept, and mood.

• However, replication across interventions and outcomes was absent. Overall, the quality of evidence of effectiveness in the studies reviewed was moderate/weak.

• This was due to bias in study design; other limitations included a lack of detail on intervention components, e.g., use of a manual, and single recruitment sites.

[LAUIL601] Secondary Research: Academic Journal - Systematic review and economic modelling of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of art therapy among people with non-psychotic mental health disorders

Systematic review and economic modelling of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of art therapy among people with non-psychotic mental health disorders.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279641/

Uttley L, Scope A, Stevenson M, et al. Systematic review and economic modelling of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of art therapy among people with non-psychotic mental health disorders. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2015 Mar. (Health Technology Assessment, No. 19.18.) Chapter 2, Clinical effectiveness of art therapy: quantitative systematic review. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279641/ DOI 10.3310/hta19180

• Trauma Study: Chapman et al. 2001[49]

This RCT of brief art therapy versus treatment as usual was carried out in children (n = 85) hospitalised with PTSD. A 1-hour individual session was provided but the number of sessions was not reported. Outcomes were measured at baseline and at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 and 12 months (in children who were still symptomatic). The targeted symptom was PTSD. The outcome measurement tool was Children’s Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Index (PTSD-I). The method of statistical analysis was not described. No significant differences were found between groups, but a non-significant trend towards greater reduction in PTSD-I scores was observed in the intervention group relative to the control group.

• Trauma Study: Lyshak-Stelzer et al. 2007[48]

This RCT in adolescents (n = 29) with PTSD compared art therapy with arts and crafts activities. Sixteen weekly group sessions were provided. The targeted symptom was PTSD. Outcome measurement tools were the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) PTSD Reaction Index (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition, Child Version) (primary measure) and milieu behavioural measures (e.g. use of restraints). Measurement time points were not reported, but data at two years were provided. Pre- and post-test scores were compared between groups using repeated-measures ANOVA. The intervention was significantly better than control at reducing PTSD symptoms, according to the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index.

• Trauma Study: Thyme et al. 2007[47]

This was a RCT in depressed female adults (n = 39) of psychodynamic art therapy versus verbal dynamic psychotherapy. Ten 60-minute weekly sessions (individual/group not reported) were provided. Targeted symptoms were stress reactions after a range of traumatic events, mental health symptoms and depression. Outcome measurements were Impact of Event Scale, Symptom-Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression scores. Measurements were recorded at baseline, at 10 weeks and at a 3-month follow-up. All patients improved from baseline on all scales (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between groups so art therapy was not significantly different to the comparator at either time point.

• Among the three studies examining trauma,47–49 art therapy resulted in significant reduction of symptoms of trauma in all studies. While trauma improved from baseline, there was no significant difference between the art therapy and control groups in any of the three studies.

• The limited available evidence showed that patients receiving art therapy had significant positive improvements in 14 out of 15 RCTs. In 10 of these studies, art therapy resulted in significantly more improved outcomes than the control, while in four studies art therapy resulted in an improvement from baseline but the improvement in the intervention group was not significantly greater than in the control group. In one study, outcomes were better in the control group than in the art therapy group. Relevant mental health outcome domains that were targeted in the included studies were depression, anxiety, mood, trauma, distress, QoL, coping, cognition and self-esteem.

Tuesday, 1 June 2021

[LAUIL601] Developmental Work: Retinal Detachment

• From pushing an idea as far as it can go through various materials, I was able to work through my trauma of retinal detachment and making sense of my level of vision I have as a result now, the various floaters and flashing lights with ocular migraines I have to deal with regularly that make living and studying difficult.

• This was a therapeutic process which had much personal value and gave me a lot of freedom and release to express what I can see and experience but can’t describe to other people as it's extremely difficult to do so.

• The use of mark-making and texture to convey floaters and disruption in vision is incredibly powerful and unique I think and the start to a portfolio

• Scan lines appeared from time to time which were interesting developments that added to the work and visual quality

• Making sense of my suicidal thoughts on the night I wanted to take my life and using art as therapy for the first time: I discovered that I was drowning on the inside and wanted to externalise that and make it a reality. So many overwhelming things have happened to me these past 3 years. Using art as therapy made the unconscious conscious and made me face my fears, anxieties and realisations.

• Learning about art therapy in 601 has helped me learn what I was doing in my practical work without realising at the time and it's important to note that in hindsight. I was resoling conflicts and creating a safe space for myself, using the creative process to heal.

Monday, 31 May 2021

[LAUIL601] Secondary Research - Art Therapy Framework

All paraphrased from https://arttherapyresources.com.au/happens-art-therapy-session/

Harvard Referenced: Art Therapy Resources. (n.d.) What Happens in An Art Therapy Session? Available at: https://arttherapyresources.com.au/happens-art-therapy-session/ [Accessed 1 Jun 2021].

Structured environments where art therapy is delivered, such as schools, prisons, and hospitals, strongly emphasises the outcomes. Proof is often required to illustrate that an art therapy program is working especially for funding.

Treatment planning delivers 3 important benefits:

• Establishing what the client needs help with

• A commitment to help the client

• Evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment

'Treatment planning encourages a focused-approach for both the client and therapist to resolve current issues for the client.' An art therapist utilises clinical skills, psychology, and their understanding of the client to tailor an individually engaging session. There are three stages that define an effective art therapy session:

Stage 1: Pre Art-Making

• Assessing client

• Providing education of art therapy to the client: outlining the benefits, typical process of a session, addressing any reluctance the client may have in participating in art activities or therapy

• Setting therapeutic goals, subsequently on a smaller scale in following sessions

Stage 2: Art-Making

Three elements to consider:

• Medium

• Theme

• Process

An art therapist introduces the activity and suggested materials. Offering the client choices of activities and art materials 'fosters an environment of self-expression with a sense of control.' When the activity and materials are agreed upon, the art therapist observes while the client works. The art therapist can guide through materials if any questions arise and answer queries about an activity. Communication should be non-directive and open-ended.

The issue of perfectionism may arise, and it is important for the art therapist to remind the client that they are 'not creating an artwork to be judged and interpreted' but for the benefits of the creative process. This 'will arouse [the] client’s connection to the joy of art' and bring a 'sense of joy and accomplishment of completing the task.'

Art therapists will observe the following during art therapy sessions:

• The client's decision-making in relation to materials chosen and not chosen

• The degree of hesitation or impulsiveness

• Whether a client is independent or seeks guidance during activities

• Any body language or facial expressions as a response to the creative process

• Whether a client creates freely or rigidly

• Whether a client is organised or disorganised

• Whether a client is pleased or critical with their outcome(s)

• Whether the client expresses enthusiasm or apathy to an activity

Throughout the creative process, it is important for an art therapist to remain impartial and unbiased towards a client’s behaviours in regard to the use of materials. 'An art therapist who incorrectly applies their own bias to this situation may run the risk of over analysing their client’s behaviour.'

Stage 3: Post Art-Making

• Discussion: explore client's feelings and thoughts around the art activity.

Asking the client to title their outcome(s) initiates a verbal discussion which can extend to thoughts and feelings on the activity, the materials used, changes in mood, if any memories surfaced, and summarising any themes to explore. If this cannot be achieved verbally, a journal can be used instead.

'It is important to avoid giving interpretations (avoiding your bias) and reaffirm with your client that you are not looking for hidden meanings within the art.' (Art Therapy Resources n.d)

Saturday, 29 May 2021

[LAUIL601] Final Outcomes - Poetry

Haiku 1: Shadow of the Past

Shadow of the past

unwanted forgotten soul

Drifting the outskirts

Vintage jigsaw piece

out of place and unfitting

Belonging nowhere

World shrinking smaller

constellated lights dimming

Sole Lonely Lightbulb

Pretty lullaby

accompaniment stirring

Remember me well

Haiku 2: On Depression

A hidden darkness

Beguiling and abating

Radiates in smoke

Paired inner anguish

Inky fingers extending

Choking with pressure

To reach out, beckon

For wanderlust awaiting

Drowning in myself

Haiku 3: On Blindness

Squinting through static

radiant flashing spectrum

Dark objects gliding

Expanding black shroud

slowly engulfing the world

Covered. Detached. Gone.

Sharp pain and stinging

face forward in position

A trapped prisoner

No measure of tears

or screams or cries, bargaining

Will ever recover

Haiku 4: On Loneliness

The heart aflutter

hammering fast to break free

from her cage of bone

Blackbird yearns to sing.

Drab wings umbrella in a

safety net cocoon

Dark eyes reveal a

spirit crushed ‘neath a pressure

Insurmountable

Him, a kindred bird

Cast beautiful silhouette

A hope, a dream, a wish

She remains unseen,

hidden to his splendour

Blackbird locked away

Poem 5: Girl Who Cannot See

Little girl who could not see

Just how much people hated thee

Disrespectful commentary

Safe haven filled with jealousy

Scornful, muddied, smeared and stained

A shock of insults spreading pain

Twisted prejudice fueling judgement

Angry shadows in their descent

Immobilized by broken glass

Snakes snapping within Eden's grass

The little girl just could not see

how ugly this world can really be

Others join the battalion

Spears and arrows, knives of hate

Armour up and join the troops

against the girl who cannot see

Waiting for the next blow

Disorientated, dejected...

Unjustified

to the girl who cannot see

Perhaps this wasn't meant to be

There is beauty in the solitary

Finding our own sanctuary

Come, girl who cannot see

Poem 6: Stroke

Three years to the day,

You collapsed on the concrete,

My world crumpled too.

Frozen in time as

Everything melted,

Teardrops melting you

Shielded and curtained

Hiding prying onlookers,

I wanted to hide

Oxygen tanks and

Blue uniformed staff circling,

My hand held tightly.

Drifting unconscious,

Body beginning to sag,

Please be okay, Mum.

Memories blurring

Our ambulance ride and

The waiting... waiting...

Numb and swollen eyes

Our lives have changed forever.

I stare at my shoes.

My mind is blank.

You're only forty-seven.

Stroke.

Three years to the day

You collapsed on the concrete,

My world crumpled too.

I've never left that

February afternoon.

Tragic looping fall.

Reflection:

• I created 6 poems during this module, one of which became an audio collaboration with a minimalist soundscape.

• I adopted an authorial practice, going beyond the visual, inspired by Peony Gent's lecture right at the beginning of the academic year. It was an incredibly powerful and inspiring visiting lecture and had such an impact on me to take a more multidisciplinary approach to making and creating.

• As art therapy taught me, it's difficult to find the words. poetry helped me find these words and to place them into a context

• I did get a bit trapped within the comfortable boundaries and system of the haiku for a while. I suppose in Tami's absence, my Guide Dog who was operated on and recovering - and I was struggling without her, I needed some form of comfort. Writing became that but I settled into what worked.

• As Art Therapy taught me, it's difficult to find the words when we are going through traumatic experiences, to reach out to other people for help. Poetry helped me find these words and to place them into a context that I could contain.

• What could I improve and do better? I could have audio recorded these and made them into a series. My voice is powerful and conveys how I feel, rather than just words on a screen. This could be something to focus on after I graduate perhaps. I can post them onto Youtube, bandcamp, audioboom, soundcloud, instagram... The platforms are endless. Collaborating once again with audio soundscapes to bring them a different dimension.

• I need to try not to fall into haikus and familiar poetry systems to see what else can be achieved with wordplay and to keep challenging myself.

• Partnering these with my abstract expressionist paintings gives them context and it becomes something very powerful. They could exist within a publication.

Wednesday, 26 May 2021

[LAUIL601] Artist Research - Five Contemporary Artists Exploring Mental Health

Mahon, F. (2017). Five Contemporary Artists Exploring Mental Illness. Available at: https://www.hungertv.com/feature/five-contemporary-artists-exploring-mental-health/ 20 Oct 2017. [Accessed 26 May 2021]

"What is often left out of the conversation is art’s capacity to transform, heal and strengthen." She arguesIt’s this capacity for healing that is the topic of a new exhibition at London’s Zebra One Galleryentitled ‘With Art in Mind’. Exploring how artists share their own experiences of mental health through their work, the exhibition features pieces from iconic artists including Francis Bacon, Salvador Dali and Andy Warhol alongside contemporary artists Kim Noble, Charlie and Eddie Proudfoot and George Harding.This is a preview of that exhibition

My Hands Are Tied

Kim Noble

"Having spent many years in and out of hospital, Kim Noble was diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder in 1995, Kim Noble has 20 differing personalities, 14 of whom are artists. These 14 artists each have their own distinctive artistic styles ranging from abstracts to collages, making Kim one of the most prolific creative around today."

The selected artwork depicts red shadows of human forms. One chained down, another floating. Perhaps daydreaming and wishing, projecting their mind to be anywhere else from their mind prison confinements. "Free me, please help" in a childlike and naive handwritten note. A plea for help backwards, unheard. Lowercase suggests a quiet whisper. The textures in the illustration remind me of flowing water running downwards and suggest a cool atmosphere against the hot and aggravated body. The figure is bright red in contrast representing that they don't belong in their surroundings perhaps. Absent lines suggest the absence of structure in one's circumstances or life with bold shapes at the forefront of the composition. Primary colours give connotations of core needs and wants. The space has depth and distance, it is lonely.

Proudfoot 2

Charlie and Eddie Proudfoot

"Elusive and secretive, little is known about the Proudfoot Brothers except that they reside in NYC’s Lower East Side, and spent time in foster care, prison and psychiatric care throughout their lives. Creating mixed media works using old magazines and newspapers – the Proudfoot’s art centres on portraiture that obscures the face, making their subjects as elusive as themselves."

Rapid, harsh mark-making mixing primary and secondary colour palettes; warm and cool tones in a discordance with no particular preference. Non-representational figure with a head-shape with ears, neck and shoulders. Horizontal marks give the illusion of a nose and eyes but nothing else gives away race, gender or identity. The portrait is of someone in distress from the way the visual language indicates drips of paint for teardrops against the brutal, visceral and vulnerable lines. Painterly elements have been made in swiftness, speed and with a violent liveliness. The way the portrait is framed in relation to space and composition forces the viewer to look into the unknown. Look at a stranger. We look at people all the time but never understand what is behind the face. What is carried each day. Knowing the context that not much is known about the artists gives it an even more secretive layer.

Half Man, Half Basquiat

Darren MacPherson

"Figurative painter Darren MacPherson draws inspiration from his previous life as a social worker in his art. His colourful pieces explore the human condition through a complex process of layering using acrylics, spray paint, pastel and crayon.in acrylics, spray paint, oil pastel and crayon"

Compositionally Basquiat's figure take's up most of the space but not in an imposing or stifling way. Texture in the background suggests the graffiti and street art that he was known for early in his career, and the visual language on the portrait narrates the primitive, abstract figuration and neo-expressionism he was most famous for. The painting mixes primary and secondary, warm and complementary colours in a harmonious balance with flat and strong values. Overall there is visual and figurative balance, only through the rough, violent, and lively gestures is there any suggestion of anything otherwise.

I feel very uninspired by this piece and personally it doesn't interest me. Why not display a Basquait original or reproduced print? I feel it rather reductive to mimic another's legacy and visual language even if it is to tell his story. Is it really telling his story? This is only an echo. McPherson, as an artist, has the chance to share his soul and his own personal journey with mental illness.

Puzzled 2. Mix Media on Layered Perspex. 37.5x54.5cm

George Harding

"George’s self-portraits challenge perceptions about mental health. Drawing from his own journey with mental illness, and those of friends and family, he finds inspiration from impressionist painters – using techniques of blurring and fragmenting to portray emotion and disassociation from reality. Through his work he tries to create joy around our selves, and show that there are many different ways of living and being."

This abstracted perspex is in the same avenue as the work I create, in an expressionist and intuitive direction. Deliberate neon strokes shout against a cool grey background, like the wild thoughts in an English sky. Jigsaw pieces scatter, almost falling like trying to fit into society, family and other environments. Making the pieces fit but struggling to do so. As I zoom in there is actually a female figure there, I didn't notice it before because of my low level of vision! That surprised me. A pretty doll-like vintage woman stares up at the ceiling while pouting, with the neon strokes and jigsaw pieces layered on top. Collage and figuration juxtaposed and conflicting. Many things happening at once just like mental illness. Displaying the external of the portrait in the background but the internal of the mind at the foreground. The lighting is rather dark and muddy, values are contrasting. The gestures of paint suggest they were made deliberately with speed in an uncontrolled freedom. The space of the composition is full and overbearing, there is a lot to focus on and process like living with mental health or trauma. There isn't much unity or balance.

I only selected four of the five artists from the exhibition to focus artist research on.

Tuesday, 25 May 2021

[LAUIL601] Artist Research: John Sayers

Figure 1

Figures 2 and 3

Figure 4

John Sayers is a photographer who I found through the Bethlem Gallery who has potentially exhibited with them or been treated at the hospital. Unfortunately he has no website so I cannot located the names of his works or find any more information.

From my own interpretation, it seems that we are looking through his lived lens and his point of view. The camera is his lens. The lighting is often dark or washed out and the lens of the camera is pointed downwards looking at his hands or feet to avoid social interaction and suggest isolation and seclusion from his mental illness and depression. The photographs of him standing on ledges could suggest thoughts of suicide. One photo, Figure 4, looks up - setting itself apart from the rest of the portfolio in many ways along with the lighting only having one small light source. It's like a crack in the ceiling. Perhaps a higher being looking down, sayers looking up for any kind of sign or answer to his eternal moral questions. The lens flare, the expanse of dark and the small light source make us as the viewer feel small and insignificant. Despite the dar subject matter, he considers his composition in a balanced unity with plentiful strong light, a sense of depth and direction and careful consideration of where the audience will be looking in the photograph. There are cool tones and values, and a relationship with the exterior.

Monday, 24 May 2021

[LAUIL601] Artist Research: Antonia Attwood

Barriers

White noise plays, like a heart monitor machine, with a dull thud in the background like a heartbeat. A lay is trying to push agains the frosted glass and break free with her hands and face, smearing her red lipstick across the glass. Fast-paced footage of walking through a forest full of leaves is dispersed through this footage like flashbacks. The pace and footing makes it feel like there is a disconnect and we are groggy or under the influence of some kind of substance.

The Void

Soft White Noise. Distorted shadow of a person plays which then intersects with hands opening and closing into fists. Mixture of dark against light confusing the senses. No faces are seen, only hands and the shadow of a head.

Confusion

Screenshot taken from a video where a side profile shot of a man overlaps many times as he spins in a slow circle, to a distorted, soft sound on loop. It's rather minimalist with a very soft focus. Who is this person?

Escape

Black and white, softly shot footage of bound hands is chopped together with a dimly-lit hospital ward with a fish-eye lens giving an idiosyncratic and first person point of view. We are rushing to get out. The sound is of someone thudding against a wall or door in the distance. This one is rather harrowing and hard to watch for me as someone who suffers from PTSD after emergency surgeries, who also wanted to escape. I was trapped in my own mind. This one is incredibly effective because of the hospital ward, the use of the closed off corners, someone banging on the door to get out and the really dark and murky lighting. It isn't pleasant and very uncomfortable. We are bidding for freedom. When we have it, in the form of forest trees, we are spinning in circles and feeling sick.

https://www.antoniaattwood.com

"Antonia is an UK and international artist, working with moving image and photography. Antonia’s body of work has developed a focus on illustrating and visually interpreting how mental illness ‘feels’ to individuals including herself. Using still, moving imagery and sound, it depicts the affects of chemical changes in the brain, and the phenomenology of mental illness. Her work explores how it feels for particular individuals to be vulnerable and overwhelmed by the world living with a medical condition. It is not about communicating a straightforward message, but rather sharing interpretations of experience of altered mind-states."

'Manifestations of the Mind is an innovative in-depth Arts and Mental Health project, made in partnership with an amazing set of people with ‘Lived Experience’ of Mental Illness. It focusses on exploring ways of communicating how their mental health conditions uniquely affect them and how they actually feel to those who experience them'.

I chose this artist and this work in particular as it is rather different from what I make but a very direct, immediate and effective interpretation of mental health issues. Through music, minimalistic sound, tone and moving image - abstract ideas are communicated with major impact as they are directed at a variety of senses all at once. With abstract expressionist canvas paintings such as I do, oftentimes it is up to the viewer to decide what they can see and pick out and feel. With these videos that Antonia creates, there isn't really a debate because the mood and tone is set through the pace it is shot, the speed of the music, the lighting and so on. It is instantaneous and powerful.

Thursday, 8 July 2021

Primary Research

Secondary Research

Visiting Lecturers

Practical Responses

Artist Research

Dissertation